Sophie Park, MD, Grenoble Alpes Hospital, Grenoble, France, talks on tools which are available to assess responses of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) to erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs), including the ISSR, erythropoietin level, mutational burden, flow cytometry and markers of iron metabolism. Prof. Park also discusses alternative treatment options for patients with MDS who do not responds well to ESAs, in particular lenalidomide, where she highlights data from the MDS-004 (NCT00179621) and MDS 005 (NCT01029262) trials, as well as azacitidine, immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocyte globulin (ATG), and luspatercept, commenting on data from the MEDALIST trial (NCT02631070). This interview took place at the 16th International Congress on Myelodysplastic Syndromes, held virtually in 2021.