Hypomethylating agents (HMA), such as azacitidine and decitabine are standard of care for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, there remain few options for patients who fail HMAs, which indeed a great many do. Valeria Santini, MD, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, discusses rescue strategies for this patient population. This interview took place during the 2021 European School of Hematology (ESH) 7th Translational Research E-Conference on Myelodysplastic Syndromes.