So adult ALL, especially refractory or relapsed ALL, was a devastating disease, unmet disease with only 20% of the patients being cured or long-lived. But the immunotherapy really revolutionized and gave hope to these patients, first with the monoclonal antibody. So either the BiTE or drug conjugated monoclonal antibodies, so all the field of BiTEs.. two-arm CAR. The drug conjucated antibodies started with ALL and then moved to lymphoma and the myeloma and then the CAR-T cells...
So adult ALL, especially refractory or relapsed ALL, was a devastating disease, unmet disease with only 20% of the patients being cured or long-lived. But the immunotherapy really revolutionized and gave hope to these patients, first with the monoclonal antibody. So either the BiTE or drug conjugated monoclonal antibodies, so all the field of BiTEs.. two-arm CAR. The drug conjucated antibodies started with ALL and then moved to lymphoma and the myeloma and then the CAR-T cells. So we have both humoral and cellular immunotherapy, that really revolutionized the field of adult ALL and now even challenging the role of transplantation in some patients with high comorbidity for transplantation. So really, immunotherapy really changed the field of therapy in ALL.