The success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has resulted from continuous advances in the field. Sergio Giralt, MD, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, discusses the progress in the field since the first HSCT was performed fifty years ago. Dr Giralt reveals that many challenges remain, particularly in minimizing disease relapse and toxicities. This interview was recorded via an online conference call with The Video Journal of Hematological Oncology (VJHemOnc).