Edward Cliff, MPH, MBBS, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, highlights key considerations for depicting whether disparities in outcomes among subgroups in clinical trials stem from chance or genuine biological distinctions. He emphasizes the importance of pre-specifying subgroup analyses, the need for replication across studies, the persistence of differences after covariate adjustments, and, crucially, a biological rationale that supports the observed distinctions. This interview took place at the 65th ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition, held in San Diego, CA.
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